Which of the following diseases is associated with altering olfaction due to central nervous system issues?

Alzheimer's disease is often associated with alterations in olfaction due to central nervous system (CNS) issues. In individuals with Alzheimer's, neurodegeneration affects areas of the brain involved in olfactory processing, particularly the olfactory bulb and associated pathways. This can lead to changes in the ability to detect and identify smells.

Research has shown that olfactory dysfunction is frequently one of the early signs of Alzheimer's disease, often occurring before more pronounced cognitive decline. The loss of the sense of smell can indicate the progression of the disease, as the brain regions responsible for olfaction are closely linked to memory and cognitive functions that are impaired in Alzheimer's patients.

Other conditions listed, while they may have various sensory impacts, do not directly relate to olfactory dysfunction driven by central nervous system alterations in the same significant way as Alzheimer's disease does. Thus, the association between Alzheimer's and altered olfaction makes it the correct response to the question.