What is the function of the hypoglossal nerve?

The hypoglossal nerve, also known as cranial nerve XII, is primarily responsible for controlling tongue movement. This is essential for various functions, including speech articulation, swallowing, and manipulating food within the oral cavity. The motor fibers of the hypoglossal nerve innervate the muscles of the tongue, enabling precise movements necessary for these tasks.

While other functions mentioned in the options relate to different cranial nerves—such as those involved in taste sensation, heart rate management, and saliva production—the hypoglossal nerve specifically specializes in the movement of the tongue. This unique role makes it crucial for effective oral communication and proper digestion. Understanding the specific functions of cranial nerves helps highlight the detailed and interconnected nature of the nervous system, especially regarding tasks that are vital for daily living in older adults.